Which catalyst is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid by the contact process?

In the manufacture of sulfuric acid through the contact process, Vanadium(V) oxide plays a critical role as a catalyst. This process involves the oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) to sulfur trioxide (SO₃), which is a key step in the production of sulfuric acid.

Vanadium(V) oxide is effective in facilitating this reaction due to its ability to provide an optimal surface for the reaction to occur, thereby lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction. This means that the reaction can proceed at a lower temperature and with greater efficiency than it would without a catalyst. As a result, Vanadium(V) oxide enhances the rate at which sulfur trioxide is produced, making the overall process more economical and effective.

Selecting an appropriate catalyst is crucial, as not all catalysts provide the efficiency needed for industrial processes. In this context, other options such as iron oxide, copper sulfate, and nickel oxide do not serve as effective catalysts for this specific reaction in the contact process, which is why they are not the correct answer. The effectiveness of Vanadium(V) oxide in this application demonstrates its importance in industrial chemistry and its specific interactions with the reactants involved.